Lake Biwa
Explore Japan's largest and oldest lake with over 4 million years of history
Lake Biwa is Japan's largest freshwater lake and one of the world's oldest, formed approximately 4 million years ago. Covering 670 square kilometers in Shiga Prefecture, the lake has been central to the region's culture, economy, and ecology for millennia. The lake's name comes from its resemblance to the biwa, a traditional Japanese lute. Historically, Lake Biwa served as a crucial transportation route connecting Kyoto to northern Japan, and its waters have sustained the Kansai region for centuries.
The lake has deep cultural significance, appearing frequently in classical Japanese literature and poetry. The area around Lake Biwa is dotted with important historical sites, including Enryaku-ji Temple on Mount Hiei, Ishiyama-dera Temple (where Murasaki Shikibu wrote parts of The Tale of Genji), and Hikone Castle, one of Japan's original castles. The lake's eight scenic views, called Omi Hakkei, have been celebrated by artists and poets for over 400 years, with locations such as Katata's returning sailboats and Ishiyama's autumn moon.
Today, Lake Biwa serves as the primary water source for 14 million people in the Kansai region, including Kyoto and Osaka. The lake supports unique endemic species found nowhere else on Earth, making it a site of international ecological importance. Tourism has developed around the lake's natural beauty and recreational opportunities, with cycling routes, cruise boats, beaches, and water sports attracting millions of visitors annually. The lake exemplifies the harmony between nature conservation and human activity in modern Japan.
Key Highlights
- Japan's largest freshwater lake at 670 square kilometers with 4 million year history
- Michigan cruise boats offer 80-minute scenic tours around the lake
- Biwako Valley ski resort and zipline adventures on the western shore
- 200-kilometer Lake Biwa cycling route (Biwaichi) - Japan's most popular long-distance cycle tour
- Home to over 1,000 endemic species including the Biwa trout
- Shirahige Shrine's floating torii gate in the lake (Omi's Itsukushima)
- Multiple beaches for swimming in summer, including Omi-Maiko Beach
- Easy day trip from Kyoto (15-30 minutes by train)
Access Information
Location
Lake Biwa, Shiga Prefecture
Nearest Stations
- • Otsu Station (JR Tokaido Line) - Lake shore access, 9 minutes from Kyoto
- • Hikone Station (JR Tokaido Line) - North lake access, Hikone Castle area
- • Omi-Maiko Station (JR Kosei Line) - Beach and Biwako Valley access
Opening Hours
Lake accessible 24 hours. Michigan cruise boats: depart 10:00 AM, 12:30 PM, 2:30 PM (March-November), fewer departures December-February. Biwako Valley: 9:30 AM - 5:00 PM (varies by season). Individual attractions have varying hours.
Admission Fee
Lake access: Free. Michigan cruise: Adults ¥3,200 (80 min), Children ¥1,600. Biwako Valley ropeway & activities: ¥3,500-¥8,000 depending on season and activities. Bicycle rental: ¥1,000-¥3,000 per day.
How to Get There
From Kyoto
Take JR Tokaido Line to Otsu Station (9 minutes, ¥200) for southern lake, or JR Kosei Line to Omi-Maiko (24 minutes) for western shore and Biwako Valley
10-30 minutes
From Osaka
Take JR Tokaido Line to Otsu Station (45 minutes, ¥560) or Hikone Station (60 minutes, ¥1,170) for northern lake area
45-60 minutes
From Tokyo
Take Tokaido Shinkansen to Kyoto Station (2 hours 15 minutes), transfer to JR Tokaido Line to Otsu or other lake destinations (10-40 minutes)
2.5 hours
Tips & Visiting Guide
Make the most of your visit with these helpful tips and guidelines.
Biwaichi Cycling Route
The 200km Lake Biwa cycling route takes 1-3 days depending on pace. Well-marked with rental shops and rest stations. Beginners can cycle sections - the 40km western shore (Katata to Makino) is most scenic. E-bikes available for easier riding.
Lake Cruises
Michigan paddle-wheeler cruise departs from Otsu Port offering 80-minute scenic tours with meal options. More intimate boats available at Nagahama and other ports. Sunset cruises available in summer. Reserve online for guaranteed seats during peak seasons.
Photography Highlights
Shirahige Shrine's floating torii gate at sunrise or sunset is stunning. Biwako Valley offers aerial views of the lake. Chikubu Island (accessible by boat from Nagahama) provides unique perspectives. Spring cherry blossoms along Kaizu-Osaki peninsula.
Beach & Water Activities
Swimming season is July-August. Omi-Maiko Beach is most accessible from Kyoto. Water sports including SUP, kayaking, and windsurfing available at rental shops. Many beaches have free access but charge for facilities (¥500-¥1,000).
Winter Activities
Biwako Valley transforms into a ski resort December-March with night skiing. The Zipline and Sky Walk remain open year-round (weather permitting). Winter lake views from the ropeway are spectacular with snow-capped mountains.
Cultural Attractions
Combine lake visits with nearby temples and shrines: Enryaku-ji Temple on Mount Hiei, Ishiyama-dera, Mii-dera. Hikone Castle on northern shore is one of Japan's finest original castles. Allow full day to combine lake and cultural sites.
Local Cuisine
Try Biwa trout (biwa masu) - endemic to the lake. Funa-zushi (fermented crucian carp) is a traditional delicacy (acquired taste). Shiga wagyu beef is excellent. Lakeside restaurants in Otsu and Hikone offer lake views with meals.
Best Visiting Times
Spring (April-May) for cherry blossoms and comfortable cycling weather. Summer (July-August) for beaches and water sports. Autumn (October-November) for foliage around the lake. Winter for skiing and peaceful scenery. Each season offers distinct experiences.
FAQ
Which area of Lake Biwa is best for tourists?
The southern end near Otsu offers easy access from Kyoto and has major attractions like Enryaku-ji Temple on Mt. Hiei. The eastern shore around Hikone features the famous castle and more scenic views. The northern area is quieter and more natural. Choose based on your interests and time available.
How long does a lake cruise take?
Michigan cruise ships offer various routes from 60 to 80 minutes for standard sightseeing cruises. Longer lunch and dinner cruises last 2-3 hours. Ferry services to Chikubu Island take about 25-30 minutes each way. Departures are from Otsu Port and several other locations around the lake.
Can I swim in Lake Biwa?
Yes, designated swimming beaches operate during summer (July-August), particularly on the western and southern shores. Omi-Maiko Beach is most popular and accessible. Water quality is regularly monitored. Swimming outside designated areas or seasons is not recommended due to safety concerns and boat traffic.
Is cycling around the entire lake feasible?
The Biwaichi cycling route around the lake is approximately 200 kilometers and designed for cyclists. Most people complete it over 2-3 days with overnight stops. Well-maintained bike paths, rental stations, and cyclist-friendly accommodations make this a popular route. One-day circumnavigation is possible for experienced cyclists.
What water activities are available on Lake Biwa?
Options include kayaking, stand-up paddleboarding, sailing, and windsurfing. Several marinas and beach facilities offer equipment rental and lessons. Fishing is popular year-round (license required). Water-skiing and wakeboarding are available at specialized facilities. Winter activities are limited due to cold temperatures.
Are there good viewpoints overlooking the lake?
Biwako Valley offers stunning panoramic views accessible by ropeway. Mt. Hiei provides elevated views over the southern lake and Kyoto. Hikone Castle's upper floors overlook the eastern shore. The Lake Biwa Bridge offers good views while crossing. Many lakeside roads have scenic pullouts.
What can I see on Chikubu Island?
This sacred island features Hogonji Temple and Tsukubusuma Shrine with 1,500+ years of history. The circumnavigation walk takes about 30 minutes. Known for its spiritual atmosphere and as a pilgrimage site. Day trips from Nagahama or Imazu ports include the ferry ride and island exploration time.
When is the best time to visit Lake Biwa?
Spring (April-May) offers cherry blossoms along the shores. Summer (July-August) is ideal for water activities and beaches. Autumn (October-November) brings beautiful foliage, especially around the northern areas. Winter is quieter but can be very cold with limited activities. Avoid rainy season in June-July.
Can I visit Lake Biwa as a day trip from Kyoto?
Absolutely. The southern lake area is just 10 minutes by train from Kyoto. A day trip could include a cruise, visit to Mii-dera Temple, and lakeside walk in Otsu. Hikone Castle on the eastern shore requires about 50 minutes from Kyoto but makes an excellent full-day excursion.
Nearby Attractions
Explore more wonderful destinations in the same prefecture.
Hikone Castle
One of only five National Treasure castles in Japan, featuring an original keep, beautiful gardens, and scenic Lake Biwa views.
Lake Biwa Cruise Hikone
Scenic boat cruises on Japan's largest freshwater lake departing from historic Hikone, offering views of Hikone Castle, islands, mountains, and the vast 670-square-kilometer Lake Biwa.
Miho Museum
Stunning mountain museum designed by I.M. Pei, featuring world-class ancient art collections and harmonious integration with nature.